High-performance polymers can compete with metallic systems in harsh processing environments and may offer potential benefits in certain applications The petroleum-refining and natural-gas industries are constantly evolving, spurred by the imperative within energy markets to be continually on the lookout…
As research continues, commercial applications expand and manufacturing scales up, graphene is not only set to invigorate existing industries, but also to lay the groundwork for entirely new ones Graphene, a two-dimensional material derived solely from carbon, is one of…
Intermediate buik containers (IBCs) are commonly used to contain and transport flowable solid materials across many industry sectors. Provided here is an overview of the applications for which different types can be used, as well as their benefits Intermediate bulk…
Whether cautious or cutting-edge, operational technology (OT) teams need a balanced approach to cybersecurity — one that starts with understanding their current state, collaborating with subject matter experts and building a practical roadmap to success There can be little doubt…
As the “Industry 4.0” revolution progresses, the convergence of IT systems with OT systems presents significant security risks. Presented here are strategies to bridge the divide between the two areas and secure plant operations The convergence of information technology (IT)…
Gas compressibility can lead to choked flow in piping systems. Presented here is an overview of choked-flow geometries in pipes, and examples of how choked flow arises in different pipe layouts The more things change, the more they stay the…
Presented here is the progress and resolution of a troubleshooting case involving a distillation column with a capacity reduction problem Troubleshooting distillation columns during operation is often the key to stable production at industrial facilities. The collection of troubleshooting references…
Weeping and flooding phenomena set the vapor velocity in industrial distillation columns. Presented here are procedures for calculating flooding and weeping velocities in a four-pass sieve-tray column In industrial distillation, the term “weeping” is primarily used when the liquid in…
Conceptual capital-cost estimates are important for assessing the economic viability of proposed projects, but their usefulness depends on understanding how to appropriately apply the estimates Capital cost estimates are a crucial step in order to make prudent decisions regarding any…
This article made available to you by: Previously used process equipment can offer significant cost advantages in capital construction projects, but there are important questions to consider before pursuing pre-owned equipment Many misconceptions persist in the marketplace about secondhand equipment.…