Pressure vessels are weakened when nozzles must be introduced, and reinforcement is required to compensate. Presented here are two methods for calculating the necessary reinforcement When pressure vessels are penetrated for introducing nozzles, the vessel is weakened and must be…
Chemical recycling refers to a set of technologies that convert plastic waste into raw materials by breaking down long polymer chains into shorter molecules (monomers), enabling the creation new chemicals, fuels or virgin-quality plastics. Key chemical recycling methods for plastics…
Hydrogen requires careful handling. It is colorless, odorless and highly flammable across a broad range of concentrations. As the lightest gas, it rises quickly and can accumulate in hard-to-detect areas. Without proper precautions, even a small leak can lead to…
Moving from engineering student to engineering employee can be a challenge, but there are strategies to help facilitate the transition New college graduates provide a continued source of engineering talent to companies, government agencies and other organizations. However, integrating new…
Process analytical technology (PAT) approaches allow continuous monitoring and real-time control of processes. Among the key monitoring technologies is Raman spectroscopy, which offers inline measurement that can reduce personnel time and sampling complexity The chemical industry faces new challenges with…
Storing energy to smooth the intermittency of wind and solar power can be accomplished in a number of ways, including mechanical (pumped hydro, flywheels, compressed air and others), thermochemical (phase-change materials and molten salts, for example), chemical (conversion of electricity…
Air classification of powdered materials offers a way to control particle size distribution in solids-handling operations. Information on key performance metrics and operating practices of size classification equipment is presented here The handling and processing of solid particulate materials are…
Conscientious operation and maintenance is critical for steam-generator system reliability. Here, important details for softening and reverse osmosis systems are explained and compared As steam generation technology and higher pressure and temperature boilers evolved in the 20th century, improved makeup-water-treatment…
Process electrification is gaining interest as a solution to industrial CO2 emissions, which account for 20% of total CO2 emissions in the U.S. [1]. Several technologies are emerging for electric process heating, including electrode steam boilers and high-temperature heat pumps,…
Robust mechanical integrity programs can provide a fresh approach to process safety management and can help drive organizations toward operational excellence Every journey begins with understanding where you are and where you want to go. And for any chemical processing…