Technical & Practical
Nozzle Penetrations in Pressure Vessels: Two Methods for Reinforcement Design
Pressure vessels are weakened when nozzles must be introduced, and reinforcement is required to compensate. Presented here are two methods for calculating the necessary reinforcement When pressure vessels are penetrated for introducing nozzles, the vessel is weakened and must be…
Transitioning from Academia to the Engineering Workforce
Moving from engineering student to engineering employee can be a challenge, but there are strategies to help facilitate the transition New college graduates provide a continued source of engineering talent to companies, government agencies and other organizations. However, integrating new…
Facts At Your Fingertips: Battery Chemistries for Stationary Energy Storage
Storing energy to smooth the intermittency of wind and solar power can be accomplished in a number of ways, including mechanical (pumped hydro, flywheels, compressed air and others), thermochemical (phase-change materials and molten salts, for example), chemical (conversion of electricity…
Process Analytical Technology and the Role of Raman Spectroscopy
Process analytical technology (PAT) approaches allow continuous monitoring and real-time control of processes. Among the key monitoring technologies is Raman spectroscopy, which offers inline measurement that can reduce personnel time and sampling complexity The chemical industry faces new challenges with…
Air Classification of Powdered Materials
Air classification of powdered materials offers a way to control particle size distribution in solids-handling operations. Information on key performance metrics and operating practices of size classification equipment is presented here The handling and processing of solid particulate materials are…
Makeup Water Treatment: Sodium Softening and Reverse Osmosis
Conscientious operation and maintenance is critical for steam-generator system reliability. Here, important details for softening and reverse osmosis systems are explained and compared As steam generation technology and higher pressure and temperature boilers evolved in the 20th century, improved makeup-water-treatment…
Facts At Your Fingertips: Design Considerations for Electric Process Heaters
Process electrification is gaining interest as a solution to industrial CO2 emissions, which account for 20% of total CO2 emissions in the U.S. [1]. Several technologies are emerging for electric process heating, including electrode steam boilers and high-temperature heat pumps,…
Building Safety Maturity through Mechanical Integrity
Robust mechanical integrity programs can provide a fresh approach to process safety management and can help drive organizations toward operational excellence Every journey begins with understanding where you are and where you want to go. And for any chemical processing…
Selection of Pressure Regulators
Selecting pressure regulators can be complicated because many different types exist and each has specific functionalities. Presented here is guidance for evaluating pressure-control needs based on process conditions, and for selecting the best regulator Delivering consistently on-specification products is a…
Avoiding Over-Pressurization in Synthesis Reactions
Uncontrolled exothermic reactions present significant safety risks, including over-pressurization of a reactor. Presented here is information about how runaway reactions occur, and what can be done to avoid them Synthesis reactions are a cornerstone of chemical manufacturing and engineering. Due…